What is Biophysical Profile?

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Biophysical Profile (BPP): Assessing Fetal Well-being



Introduction:

Monitoring the health of a baby during pregnancy is an essential part of antenatal care. The biophysical profile (BPP) is a reliable test that helps assess how well the fetus is doing inside the womb, especially in the later stages of pregnancy. It provides useful information about the baby’s movement, breathing, muscle tone, and overall oxygen supply.

What Is a Biophysical Profile?

A biophysical profile is a prenatal test that combines ultrasound scanning and a non-stress test (NST) to evaluate the baby’s condition. It measures specific physical and physiological signs that show how well the baby is coping in the uterus.

Purpose of the Test

The BPP helps determine whether the fetus is receiving enough oxygen and nutrients from the placenta. It is often recommended for pregnant women with high blood pressure, diabetes, reduced fetal movement, prolonged pregnancy, or suspected intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

Components of the Biophysical Profile

The BPP assesses five major parameters, each scored as 0 (abnormal) or 2 (normal), with a total possible score of 10: There's no score as 1. It's all or none.

1. Fetal Breathing Movements: Observation of rhythmic breathing within a specific time frame.

2. Fetal Body Movements: Checking for gross movements such as kicking or stretching.

3. Fetal Muscle Tone: Evaluating flexion and extension of limbs or hands.

4. Amniotic Fluid Volume: Measuring the amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the baby.

5. Non-Stress Test (NST): Recording fetal heart rate patterns and reactivity.

Interpretation of Scores

8–10: Normal — fetus is healthy.

6: Equivocal — may require repeat testing or closer follow-up.

4 or less: Abnormal — may indicate fetal compromise and the need for urgent medical evaluation.

When the Test Is Done

The biophysical profile is usually performed during the third trimester of pregnancy, especially when there are maternal complications or concerns about the baby’s growth and activity.

Conclusion

The biophysical profile (BPP) is a safe and effective method of assessing fetal well-being. It provides valuable insights into the baby’s condition and helps healthcare providers make timely decisions to ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. It reassures the mother of the baby's health in cases of good scores.



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